Zadanie wakacyjne. Należy wstawić słowa w luki tak, aby tekst był poprawny gramatycznie. Amid the labyrinthine annals of historical epochs, the Renaissance __________as an epochal confluence of human achievement. Nestled between the medieval tapestry of scholasticism and the dawning enlightenment of the modern era, the Renaissance burgeoned as an unparalleled crescendo of artistic, scientific, and intellectual innovation. In the ___________of this transformative era, the city-states of Italy emerged as sanctuaries of creativity and ingenuity. Florence, adorned _________ the patronage of the Medici family, blossomed as an epicenter of artistic fervor. Visionaries like Leonardo da Vinci, embodying the quintessential "Renaissance man," forged new paradigms by synergizing art and science, unraveling the mysteries of anatomy and perspective with the same vigor as they adorned canvases with ethereal brushstrokes. Parallel ___________ this artistic renaissance, a torrent of intellectual revolutions reshaped the tapestry of human thought. Pioneers such as Copernicus and Galileo galvanized the scientific method, challenging the dogma of geocentrism and propelling humanity into the heliocentric cosmos. _________ printing press, a mechanical marvel, heralded a new era of information dissemination, fomenting the democratization of knowledge. Yet, the Renaissance was not devoid _________ paradoxes. While soaring towards enlightenment, the era was marred ________ societal constraints that marginalized the contributions of women and perpetuated socio-economic disparities. The artistic veneer often masked the trials and tribulations of ordinary lives, shrouding the plights of the disenfranchised. _____________, the legacy of the Renaissance remains an indomitable beacon. Its ethos of humanism, intellectual curiosity, and artistic audacity indelibly shaped the trajectory of human civilization. The echoes of Botticelli's "Primavera," the inquiries of da Vinci's notebooks, and the incandescence of Michelangelo's "David" continue to resonate across time, inspiring generations to reach for new heights of creativity and innovation. In retrospect, the Renaissance, much like the phoenix, emerged from the ashes of medieval stasis to ignite an inferno of brilliance. An era where the human spirit soared unshackled, defying limitations, and reaching _________ the heavens. An epoch where the quest for knowledge and beauty converged, engendering a symphony of human achievement that continues to resonate ____________the corridors of history.
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Insert one word in the gaps. In December 1968, __________ ecologist and biologist Garrett Hardin had an essay published in the journal Science called ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’. His proposition was simple and unsparing: humans, when __________ to their own devices, compete with one another for resources until the resources run out. ‘Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own __________ interest,’ he wrote. ‘Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.’ Hardin’s argument made intuitive sense, and provided a temptingly simple explanation ___________ catastrophes of all kinds – traffic jams, dirty public toilets, species extinction. His essay, widely read and accepted, would become one of the most-cited scientific papers of all time. Even before Hardin’s ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ was published, however, the young political scientist Elinor Ostrom had ___________ him wrong. While Hardin speculated that the tragedy of the commons could be avoided only ____________ total privatisation or total government control, Ostrom had witnessed groundwater users near her native Los Angeles hammer out a system for sharing their coveted resource. Over the next several decades, as a professor at Indiana University Bloomington, she studied collaborative management systems developed by cattle herders in Switzerland, forest dwellers in Japan, and irrigators in _________ Philippines. These communities had found ways of _________ preserving a shared resource – pasture, trees, water – and providing their members with a living. Some had been deftly avoiding the tragedy of the commons for centuries; Ostrom was simply one of the first scientists ________ pay close attention to their traditions, and analyse how and why they worked. The features of successful systems, Ostrom and her colleagues found, include clear boundaries (the ‘community’ doing the managing must be well-defined); reliable monitoring of the shared resource; a reasonable balance _________ costs and benefits for participants; a predictable process for the fast and fair resolution of conflicts; _________ escalating series of punishments for cheaters; and good relationships between the community and other layers of authority, from household heads _________ international institutions.
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