Napisz 10 zdań na temat największych zagrożen w Polsce , np: powodzie , bezdomność o chorobach, o głodzie itp. Oczywiście po angielsku :)
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The first information about the flood in Genesis we find the Bible, when after 40 days and nights of rainfall experienced flooding vast areas of water. Deluge, so named because this could be possible flooding especially in the semi-arid areas, which include, inter alia, Mesopotamia.
As the story further floods are becoming better documented.
Getting information about the floods in Poland, according to Jan Dlugosz Chronicle, took place between 998 and 1118th The best documented flood was in Krakow in 1813. Posts and flood boards to date show the water level at the monastery of SS Norbertine.
In the following years was a big flood in 1934 in the Dunajec basin, in the coming years, in 1997, mainly in the Oder in 2001 in Gdansk.
Particularly disastrous was the flood in 1997, found in the area south and west of Polish, which is due to an injury, was an unprecedented phenomenon for over 200 years. It is the result of the exceptional rainfall intensity, mainly in the upper basin of the Oder and the Vistula.
Precipitation occurred in three waves, the first of which resulted in high water on the Oder, the second wave of a renewed spate and caused a surge of water from tributaries of the Oder, and the third wave took over the Vistula river basin. The largest amount of rainfall was recorded between 6 and 8 July 1997. Precipitation greater than 100 mm / day occurred in the triangle Jelenia Gora - Nowy Sacz - Warsaw. Higher rainfall exceeding 200 mm / day, occurred in the Sudeten and Carpathian Mountains, the Giant Mountains and the Dunajec White Tarnowska. By contrast, precipitation higher than 250 mm / day occurred in the upper river Neisse Kłodzka Little Vistula, Sola, Raba and Dunajec and the Moravian Gate. Maximum flow of water on the Oder River was 3600 m3 / s.
Flooding its range covered 652 communes in 26 provinces in the basins of the Oder and the Vistula. The town was flooded in 2592, of which 1,362 totally and partially in 1230. Underwater tyś.ha there were 665 land, 480 bridges were destroyed and about 1370 km of roads. The estimated material losses amounted to 12 billion zł. 33 were flooded and damaged sewage treatment plants has around 300 km of dikes in the river basin of the Vistula River and about 800 km in the Oder.
The areas covered by the floods were evacuated ok.162, five thousand. people and 54 people were killed. In addition, drowned about 1900 pieces of cattle, about 5,900 pieces of pigs, 260 sheep units and about 1 million pieces of poultry. Killed a lot of wild game. Apart from the risks to life and health of people flooding caused significant damage to the environment and the inhabitants belongings. Flooding has revealed all the failures and niedomogi and misconduct in the programming, organization and coordination of rescue operations and for cleaning protective.
Experience resulting from the floods were the basis for many decisions taken to prevent its effects.
It should be noted about the three major floods in the world.
In 1931, floods occurred in China, when it killed 3.7 million people, then in 1979 a flood in India and floods in 1993 in the Mississippi River.
Floods can be the result of normal natural phenomena to which man can not prevent, either as a result of human activity through the disruption of normal natural phenomena, and as a result of technical failure of equipment.
The main cause of flooding is greater drop of water in relation to the possible infiltration of the soil in unit time.
Natural Causes of floods are as follows:
· Flood nawalne - from the violent rains (30 - 40 mm) in a short period of time, not foreseeable,
· Flood prolix - mainly from the rain in the summer months when rainfall lasting 3 - 5 days foreseeable
· Ice jam flooding - resulting from blockage of the river called the profile. Pancake ice and ice bottom, it is in the spring after a cold winter (Pancake ice - ice crystals are compressed in a spongy mass forming in the water at a temperature of <OOC)
· Melt - as a result of melting snow and ice, which can be:
- Solar power - with positive temperature during the day and freezing temperatures during the night,
- The adequacy-rain - the melting snow and rainfall, may also be the impact of warm air from the Atlantic in winter,
· Heating of the soil of volcanic origin and volcanic eruptions.
Flooding, leading to flooding may be the result of human activity which mainly include:
- Failures of dams, which are accompanied by a rapid runoff of water on land lying below the dam,
- Flooding of polders, which takes place during a storm such as the Netherlands (polder - drained, depressed area obwałowaniach Przymorskie or rivers),
- Regulation of rivers such as reducing the river to improve its navigability by eliminating the many twists and turns thus reducing the capacity of the river and its ability to meteoric,
- Deforestation of large areas which have high water retention capacity of the precipitation mainly by the root system.
Depending on the type of high water, you can most likely be provided depending on the state of knowledge and organizational actions and thus protect against their effects. By contrast, precipitation nawalnych can not be predicted and thus high water from this type of precipitation.
It should be emphasized that the floods cause great damage in many areas. Any flooding on its environmental dimension, as in the case of large sizes, it is the nature of environmental disaster, the consequences may be negative effect on him for many years, and some are permanent in nature.
The flood wave covers a share of everything that is on its way.
The effects of flooding are very broad and multifaceted which include:
· Loss of human and animal life,
· Flooded land cultivation,
· Evacuation of people
· Flooded roads railways, bridges, destroyed and damaged facilities of engineering and other technical
· Damaged p-flood embankments,
· Flooded with sewage treatment plants, septic tanks, landfill and industrial
· Release of pathogenic bacteria (dead animals, cemeteries), and significant quantities of chemical substances like sulphates, sulphides, chlorides, magnesium, sodium, potassium, heavy metals, plant protection products, fertilizers, petroleum products, toxic chemicals and many others,
· Danger epidemiological as salmonellosis, typhoid fever, bacterial dysentery, tetanus, hepatitis A,
· Need to provide water to the public above all safe drinking,
· Food chain transfer of pathogenic bacteria, chemicals and toxins,
· Distant effects on the sea where the flood wave flows (in Poland is concerned in the Baltic Sea catchment area which is our entire country),
· Substantial material damage,
· Loss of health and morality.
Depending on the type of high water, the state of knowledge, weather reports and organizational actions you can protect yourself against the effects of floods through:
- Avoid building in flood plains,
- Deepen the river bed,
- Shaft construction of p-flood
- Care about the state of p-flood embankments of their integrity and strength
- To extend the distance between the flood embankments,
- Proper maintenance of embankments and the river by removing shrubs, trees and other obstacles to the flow of water,
- Care for cleanliness międzywałów,
- Increase retention by afforestation (forest retention is 10 x greater than arable fields)
- Construction of reservoirs especially in the upper and lower sections of rivers, construction of polders and water (reservoirs can be used to produce electricity and water sports)
- Congestion crushing ice with explosives,
- Conscious of breaking shafts and steering swollen waters of the adjacent areas to protect low-lying populated areas and important industrial sites thus raising the pressure of flood wave attenuation (important here is the close coordination of actions at the time),
- Construction of gates and locks to the introduction and draining which allows power to alleviate the pressure of water and manage it so that clears inhabited areas and other public utilities,
- The creation of efficient and responsible departments who know their duties and powers
- Development of a network of gauges that information about the upcoming flood wave was full,
- So called. "Small retention", ie the construction of the joints, heart valves and small water dams, which will also contribute to the development of tourism,
- Construction of the so-called. "Dry tanks" below the reservoir in order to periodically stopping the outflow and mitigate flood wave shape.
If the flood can not be prevented, it certainly can significantly reduce its harmful effects.