Photosynthesis is a vital process that occurs in green plants, algae, and some bacteria, through which they convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy. This process is essential for life on Earth as it is the primary way in which autotrophic organisms (organisms that can produce their own food) synthesize their food and release oxygen into the atmosphere. Here's a detailed explanation of photosynthesis:
1. Overall Equation:
The overall chemical equation for photosynthesis can be represented as:
Photosynthesis takes place primarily in the chloroplasts, which are specialized organelles found in plant cells. Chloroplasts contain a pigment called chlorophyll, responsible for capturing light energy and initiating the photosynthetic process.
3. Light-Dependent Reactions:
The first stage of photosynthesis is the light-dependent reactions, which occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. These reactions rely on light energy to generate energy-rich molecules in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).
In this stage, sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll, exciting its electrons to higher energy levels. The excited electrons are passed through a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid membrane, creating a flow of electrons called the electron transport chain. This flow of electrons drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH.
At the end of the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split into oxygen (O2) and protons (H+). The release of oxygen contributes to the production of atmospheric oxygen, which is vital for supporting life on Earth.
4. Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions):
The second stage of photosynthesis is the Calvin Cycle, which is also known as the light-independent reactions or dark reactions. The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
During this stage, ATP and NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into glucose (C6H12O6). The Calvin Cycle goes through a series of chemical reactions, involving enzymes and other molecules, to form glucose, which serves as an energy source for the plant.
5. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis is influenced by several environmental factors, such as light intensity, temperature, and the availability of carbon dioxide and water. Optimal conditions, such as adequate sunlight, suitable temperature, and sufficient water and carbon dioxide levels, are necessary for efficient photosynthesis to occur.
In summary, photosynthesis is a complex biochemical process that converts light energy into chemical energy, resulting in the production of glucose and oxygen. This process sustains life on Earth by providing energy for plants and ultimately supporting the food chain for all living organisms.
↬ The process, by which the plants convert CO² absorbed from the atmosphere and H²O absorbed from the soil into carbohydrate in the presence of sunlight, is called photosynthesis.
In other words we can say,
The synthesis of carbohydrate by green plants from CO² and H²O in the presence of sunlight is called photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis also applies to other organisms besides green plants.
These include several prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria, purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria.
✥ These organisms exhibit photosynthesis just like green plants.The glucose produced during photosynthesis is then used to fuel various cellular activities. The by-product of this physio-chemical process is oxygen.
Where Does This Process Occur?
=> Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plants and blue-green algae. All green parts of a plant, including the green stems, green leaves, and sepals – floral parts comprise of chloroplasts – green colour plastids. These cell organelles are present only in plant cells and are located within the mesophyll cells of leaves.
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis process requires several factors such as:
Light Intensity
The concentration of CO²
Temperature
Water
Pollution
Photosynthesis Equation:
→ Photosynthesis reaction involves two reactants, carbon dioxide and water. These two reactants yield two products, namely, oxygen and glucose. Hence, the photosynthesis reaction is considered to be an endothermic reaction. Following is the photosynthesis formula:
[tex] \footnotesize{ \: \boxed{\sf{ 6CO² + 6H²O —> C {}^{6} H {}^{12} O {}^{6} + 6O²}}}[/tex]
Unlike plants, certain bacteria that perform photosynthesis do not produce oxygen as the by-product of photosynthesis. Such bacteria are called anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. The bacteria that do produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis are called oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria.
Photosynthetic Pigments:
✦There are four different types of pigments present in leaves:
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Xanthophylls
Carotenoids
The structure of Chlorophyll:
(For Structure refer to the above attachment↑)
The structure of Chlorophyll consists of 4 nitrogen atoms that surround a magnesium atom. A hydrocarbon tail is also present. Pictured above is chlorophyll-f, which is more effective in near-infrared light than chlorophyll-a
↪ Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of the plant cell and in the mesosomes of cyanobacteria. This green colour pigment plays a vital role in the process of photosynthesis by permitting plants to absorb energy from sunlight. Chlorophyll is a mixture of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b.Besides green plants, other organisms that perform photosynthesis contain various other forms of chlorophyll such as chlorophyll-c1, chlorophyll-c2, chlorophyll-d and chlorophyll-f.
Jawaban:
Photosynthesis is a vital process that occurs in green plants, algae, and some bacteria, through which they convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy. This process is essential for life on Earth as it is the primary way in which autotrophic organisms (organisms that can produce their own food) synthesize their food and release oxygen into the atmosphere. Here's a detailed explanation of photosynthesis:
1. Overall Equation:
The overall chemical equation for photosynthesis can be represented as:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
2. Plant Structures Involved:
Photosynthesis takes place primarily in the chloroplasts, which are specialized organelles found in plant cells. Chloroplasts contain a pigment called chlorophyll, responsible for capturing light energy and initiating the photosynthetic process.
3. Light-Dependent Reactions:
The first stage of photosynthesis is the light-dependent reactions, which occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. These reactions rely on light energy to generate energy-rich molecules in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).
In this stage, sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll, exciting its electrons to higher energy levels. The excited electrons are passed through a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid membrane, creating a flow of electrons called the electron transport chain. This flow of electrons drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH.
At the end of the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split into oxygen (O2) and protons (H+). The release of oxygen contributes to the production of atmospheric oxygen, which is vital for supporting life on Earth.
4. Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions):
The second stage of photosynthesis is the Calvin Cycle, which is also known as the light-independent reactions or dark reactions. The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
During this stage, ATP and NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into glucose (C6H12O6). The Calvin Cycle goes through a series of chemical reactions, involving enzymes and other molecules, to form glucose, which serves as an energy source for the plant.
5. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis is influenced by several environmental factors, such as light intensity, temperature, and the availability of carbon dioxide and water. Optimal conditions, such as adequate sunlight, suitable temperature, and sufficient water and carbon dioxide levels, are necessary for efficient photosynthesis to occur.
In summary, photosynthesis is a complex biochemical process that converts light energy into chemical energy, resulting in the production of glucose and oxygen. This process sustains life on Earth by providing energy for plants and ultimately supporting the food chain for all living organisms.
Verified answer
Jawaban:
Hello there!
here's ur answer! ･ᴗ･
[tex]\huge{ \star\sf{ \underline{ \underline{ \color{magenta}{Photosynthesis}}}}}[/tex]
↬ The process, by which the plants convert CO² absorbed from the atmosphere and H²O absorbed from the soil into carbohydrate in the presence of sunlight, is called photosynthesis.
In other words we can say,
The synthesis of carbohydrate by green plants from CO² and H²O in the presence of sunlight is called photosynthesis.
✥ These organisms exhibit photosynthesis just like green plants.The glucose produced during photosynthesis is then used to fuel various cellular activities. The by-product of this physio-chemical process is oxygen.
Where Does This Process Occur ?
=> Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plants and blue-green algae. All green parts of a plant, including the green stems, green leaves, and sepals – floral parts comprise of chloroplasts – green colour plastids. These cell organelles are present only in plant cells and are located within the mesophyll cells of leaves.
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis :
Photosynthesis process requires several factors such as:
Photosynthesis Equation :
→ Photosynthesis reaction involves two reactants, carbon dioxide and water. These two reactants yield two products, namely, oxygen and glucose. Hence, the photosynthesis reaction is considered to be an endothermic reaction. Following is the photosynthesis formula:
[tex] \footnotesize{ \: \boxed{\sf{ 6CO² + 6H²O —> C {}^{6} H {}^{12} O {}^{6} + 6O²}}}[/tex]
Unlike plants, certain bacteria that perform photosynthesis do not produce oxygen as the by-product of photosynthesis. Such bacteria are called anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. The bacteria that do produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis are called oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria.
Photosynthetic Pigments :
✦There are four different types of pigments present in leaves:
The structure of Chlorophyll :
(For Structure refer to the above attachment↑)
↪ Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of the plant cell and in the mesosomes of cyanobacteria. This green colour pigment plays a vital role in the process of photosynthesis by permitting plants to absorb energy from sunlight. Chlorophyll is a mixture of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b.Besides green plants, other organisms that perform photosynthesis contain various other forms of chlorophyll such as chlorophyll-c1, chlorophyll-c2, chlorophyll-d and chlorophyll-f.
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