A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer of the earth. Most are caused by karst processes— for example, the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks or suffusion processes. Sinkholes vary in size from 1 to 600 m (3.3 to 2,000 ft) both in diameter and depth. They also vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. They may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide.
The formation of sinkholes involves natural processes of erosion or gradual removal of slightly soluble bedrock (such as limestone) by percolating water, the collapse of a cave roof, or a lowering of the water table. Sinkholes often form through the process of suffusion. For example, groundwater may dissolve the carbonate cement holding the sandstone particles together and then carry away the lax particles, gradually forming a void.
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