POTRZEBUJE 5 PYTAŃ DO TEGO TEKSTU.
MUSZA ZACZYNAĆ SIĘ OD WHO LUB OD WHAT. PILNE!!!
DAJE NAJ!
Archaeology
by Paul Millard
Archaeology, like many academic words, comes from Greek and means, more or less, ‘the
study of old things’. So, it is really a part of the study of history. However, most historians use
paper evidence, such as letters, documents, paintings and photographs, but archaeologists
learn from the objects left behind by the humans of long ago. Normally, these are the hard
materials that don’t decompose or disappear very quickly – things like human bones and
skeletons, objects made from stone and metal, and ceramics.
Sometimes, archaeologists and historians work together. Take, for example, the study of the
Romans, who dominated the Mediterranean area and much of Europe two thousand years ago.
We know a lot about them from their writing, and some of their most famous writers are still
quoted in English. We also know a lot about them from what they made, from their coins to
their buildings. Archaeologists have worked on Roman remains as far apart as Hadrian’s Wall
in the north of England and Leptis Magna in Libya.
Of course, for much of human history, there are no written documents at all. Who were the
first humans, and where did they come from? This is a job for the archaeologists, who have
found and dated the bones and objects left behind. From this evidence, they believe that
humans first appeared in Africa and began moving to other parts of the world about 80,000
years ago. The movement of our ancestors across the planet has been mapped from their
remains – humans went to Australia about 70,000 years ago, but have been in South America
for just 15,000 years. The evidence of archaeology has helped to show the shared origin and
history of us all.
It is very unusual to find anything more than the hard evidence of history – normally, the
bacteria in the air eat away at soft organic material, like bodies, clothes and things made of
wood. Occasionally, things are different.
In 1984, two men made an amazing discovery while working in a bog called Lindow Moss,
near Manchester in the north of England. A bog is a very wet area of earth, with a lot of plants
growing in it. It can be like a very big and very thick vegetable soup – walk in the wrong
place and you can sink and disappear forever. After hundreds of years, the dead plants can
compress together and make ‘peat’, which is like soil, but is so rich in energy that it can be
burned on a fire, like coal.
The men were cutting the peat when one of them saw something sticking out – a human foot!
Naturally, the men called the police, who then found the rest of the body. Was it a case of
murder? Possibly – but it was a death nearly two thousand years old. The two men had found
a body from the time of the Roman invasion of Celtic Britain. Despite being so old, this body
had skin, muscles, hair and internal organs – the scientists who examined him were able to
look inside the man’s stomach and find the food that he had eaten for his last meal!
Why was this man so well preserved? It was because he was in a very watery environment,
safe from the bacteria that need oxygen to live. Also, the water in the bog was very acidic.
The acid preserved the man’s skin in the way that animal skin is preserved for leather coats
and shoes
MUSZA ZACZYNAĆ SIĘ OD WHO LUB OD WHAT. PILNE!!!
DAJE NAJ!
Archaeology
by Paul Millard
Archaeology, like many academic words, comes from Greek and means, more or less, ‘the
study of old things’. So, it is really a part of the study of history. However, most historians use
paper evidence, such as letters, documents, paintings and photographs, but archaeologists
learn from the objects left behind by the humans of long ago. Normally, these are the hard
materials that don’t decompose or disappear very quickly – things like human bones and
skeletons, objects made from stone and metal, and ceramics.
Sometimes, archaeologists and historians work together. Take, for example, the study of the
Romans, who dominated the Mediterranean area and much of Europe two thousand years ago.
We know a lot about them from their writing, and some of their most famous writers are still
quoted in English. We also know a lot about them from what they made, from their coins to
their buildings. Archaeologists have worked on Roman remains as far apart as Hadrian’s Wall
in the north of England and Leptis Magna in Libya.
Of course, for much of human history, there are no written documents at all. Who were the
first humans, and where did they come from? This is a job for the archaeologists, who have
found and dated the bones and objects left behind. From this evidence, they believe that
humans first appeared in Africa and began moving to other parts of the world about 80,000
years ago. The movement of our ancestors across the planet has been mapped from their
remains – humans went to Australia about 70,000 years ago, but have been in South America
for just 15,000 years. The evidence of archaeology has helped to show the shared origin and
history of us all.
It is very unusual to find anything more than the hard evidence of history – normally, the
bacteria in the air eat away at soft organic material, like bodies, clothes and things made of
wood. Occasionally, things are different.
In 1984, two men made an amazing discovery while working in a bog called Lindow Moss,
near Manchester in the north of England. A bog is a very wet area of earth, with a lot of plants
growing in it. It can be like a very big and very thick vegetable soup – walk in the wrong
place and you can sink and disappear forever. After hundreds of years, the dead plants can
compress together and make ‘peat’, which is like soil, but is so rich in energy that it can be
burned on a fire, like coal.
The men were cutting the peat when one of them saw something sticking out – a human foot!
Naturally, the men called the police, who then found the rest of the body. Was it a case of
murder? Possibly – but it was a death nearly two thousand years old. The two men had found
a body from the time of the Roman invasion of Celtic Britain. Despite being so old, this body
had skin, muscles, hair and internal organs – the scientists who examined him were able to
look inside the man’s stomach and find the food that he had eaten for his last meal!
Why was this man so well preserved? It was because he was in a very watery environment,
safe from the bacteria that need oxygen to live. Also, the water in the bog was very acidic.
The acid preserved the man’s skin in the way that animal skin is preserved for leather coats
and shoes
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