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3. a. 3x² + 8x + 4
= (3x² + 2x) + (6x + 4)
= x(3x + 2) + 2(3x + 2)
= (3x + 2) (x + 2)
b. 2x² - x - 21
= (2x² + 6x) + (-7x - 21)
= 2x(x + 3) - 7(x + 3)
= (x + 3) (2x - 7)
c. 4a² - 4ab + b²
= (4a² - 2ab) + (- 2ab + b²)
= 2a(2a - b) - b(2a - b)
= (2a - b) (2a - b)
= (2a - b)²