"The basic rule of television: a program that you can understand, even partly, with concealed hole eyes or ears - it is bad." Eugen Kogon
Communication is defined in sociology and social psychology as "the process of transfer from the center, known as the source, the content of a symbolic character, addressed to customers which are able to adopt them" (Kłoskowska, 1983). Communication is therefore two-way process which is to transfer information between people through verbal or nonverbal symbols to induce specific changes in behavior or thinking of the recipient. Communicating mass means that the message is addressed to a large and diverse audience.
Information may be passed directly to the recipient, or an indirect way, eg through letters, telegrams, telephones. Relatively recently in human history appeared capable devices not only provide information but also influence the shape of societies, creating new rules of social life and new values. Speech, of course, mass media or mass media, including television, radio, newspapers and the Internet. They play a special role, particularly in developed countries. Indeed, long ago ceased to be mere tools of information, providing mass communication. They are characterized by the unilateral influence on the views, values, and even creating a new reality and the visual culture and mass, operating not only verbal information but also video, audio, motion.
According to W. Skrzydlewskiego all media involved in communicating information simultaneously transforming their contents, are also involved in the coding, categorization, retrieval and interpretation of such information by the public. This work is devoted to discussing the role of TV today, which is an important part of our social reality and have an enormous impact on daily life.
The beginnings of television dates back to 1936, when the British Broadcasting Company launched the world's first public broadcast TV from Alexandra Palace in London. Who could then foresee how important will play a TV these days ...
Succumbing to the desires, the desire to achieve outstanding purpose is very different results. On one hand, are fueling the desire for action, provide the motivation. Sometimes, however, the impact turns out to be negative. Well it shows the desire to entertain and relax, which can satisfy television. Rest is very necessary to man, but when we spend too much time relaxing and watching TV while lying, problems arise. Usually in such cases, other people and real problems are becoming less important, but TV is an essential element of life, comparable to breathing. People become addicted to the TV screen, neglect their duties and family life. Research conducted in this area has long been trying to determine what impact television can play in shaping and educating the young generation, as well as adults. It is worth noting that watching television in itself does not mean something bad. There are plenty of television programs, whose impact can be described as even benevolent - raise, broaden horizons and help us to understand other cultures, as well as entertain, relax and allow themselves to break even for a moment from the daily routine. However, time spent watching television should be optimal. Meanwhile, scientists are reporting that television unquestionably dominates the free time fulfilling the modern man.
Results of electroencephalographic studies conducted in this area are rather optimistic. EEG indicated that TV viewing levels of brain electrical activity, measured by the number of alpha waves is lower than during reading. Besides watching TV, people are more relaxed, declare the sense of passivity, which does not disappear after switching off the receiver. Mental activity does not increase, but remains at the same low level. Well-being is deteriorating. Thus, these results seem alarming, and evaluate the impact of television is clearly a negative, rather that wasting its time, it is still losing energy resources inside.
Psychological studies suggest that the desire to watch TV does not disappear when it is settled, but is constantly growing. You could say that the appetite for watching grows viewing. Almost automatically relax with the television, but it's pleasant feeling wears off after turning off the receiver. Therefore, we devote more time watching television, the greater becomes the need to eliminate the unpleasant condition, which occurs when finish watching. Its a vicious circle comes full circle.
People quickly learn that television provides an effective relaxation, and therefore begin to equate it with the best way for relaxation and easing stress. This view is recorded by both the positive reinforcing factors (pleasant feelings accompanying watching TV), as well as negative factors (depression and sadness that appear immediately after you finish watching.) According to a similar mechanism acting drugs and causing addiction. Sedative, which is rapidly cleared from the body quickly, it evokes a feeling of dependence compared to measure excreted more slowly, because accepting it faster and more clearly felt his absence in the body.
In the case of television, also observed that, even intuitive, or based on the experience of feeling that after turning off the receiver will feel worse, quickly becoming a significant factor prevented from switching off the TV. The paradox of television lies in the fact that the longer people sit in front of TV, although longer-term view in fact reduces their well-being.
In addition, empirical studies have shown that when people spend too much time watching television, they begin to feel anxiety and remorse, that do not deal with something pożyteczniejszym. Researchers from Japan, Britain and the United States proved that such a feeling of guilt often occurs in middle-class viewers than in the poorer social groups.
The significant impact of television on people is linked to the "orientation reaction", which was discovered and described by Ivan Pavlov in 1927. It is the innate response to physiological and behavioral therapy, which maximizes the sensitivity of sensory receptors on the information coming from the environment and prepares the body for immediate action. An example of such a reaction is indicative of animals adjustable ear to move his head to locate the sound source. Psychologists have observed a similar type of reaction already at ośmiotygodniowych babies who turn heads, to see what shows are next to the TV screen. What this has to do with watching TV ..? Sends TV signals, which man can not ignore, innate responses indicative direct our senses to everything new in the environment.
For many people television is the proverbial "window on the world", a valuable source of information from the world of culture, politics, science, and for some, even essential work tool. However, should benefit from this wonderful invention that created the modern civilization, in a sustainable manner. A sense of relaxation and tranquility offered by the television viewing can increase or diminish according to the time which we devote to them. The longer you watch TV, the more we feel is deteriorating, there is a feeling of passivity, remorse, the general anxiety. People watching television excessively are also more distracted, bored, have difficulty concentrating attention, avoid contact with other people, have little traffic, are also more sensitive and impatient.
The advent of television sets could start today, not only mass communication, but also a true 'telemanii', occurring primarily in highly industrialized countries. 'Rasowi telemaniacy' conduct specific to their lifestyle, which in English is determined by "couch-potato". It is characteristic for him to spend almost the whole day lying in front of TV with a parcel favorite cakes or crisps or peanuts. Excessive television viewing contributes so, although indirectly, to the spread of obesity, which is also the scourge of modern society. Studies show that people usually watch television przegryzają something, even just to feel like in the cinema. TV becomes their only gradually window to the world because these people are isolating themselves from their friends or families, to eliminate the common pastimes. They prefer to stay home and watch TV, it is less tiring for them and less time consuming. Often such persons are not aware of his condition, that isolate themselves socially.
The origins of this "addiction" is as innocent as for other addictions. Almost everyone has some his favorite TV program or series, which regularly tries to watch and do not leave any sections. However, some people can not be limited to viewing only that one or two programs at the end of their emissions do not want them to take something pożyteczniejszym. So are the TV and begin the so-called. "Telepodróż", namely jumping from one television channel to another in search of something interesting (so-called zapping). Sometimes this can spend almost all day without seeing anything specific but jumping through various channels.
It should also be noted that excessive television viewing reduces creativity, creative thinking ability, productivity and generally weakens the incentive to work. This is a serious problem for people who having been conscientious workers, under the influence of many hours spent watching TV can not readjust at work, lose their motivation and desire do not know how to organize classes.
Of course, you should not generalize how television can change our attitude to work, our habits. Its influence is sometimes varied, much depends on individual differences, personality, lifestyle, how to drive, possible support of others. It seems that those most vulnerable to harmful effects television people are lonely and children. Negative consequences which may arise among them television are: deepening social isolation, greater instability (volatility) of emotions, irritability. Although hard to believe, spending entire days watching TV can lead to the emergence of depression and even mental breakdown. This happens when turned on the television with us throughout the day, with all of our classes, and for us is something of a companion of life.
Nowadays, more and more talk about addiction to the television, which has become a serious social problem. This phenomenon is studied in psychology and sociology. In fact, prymarna television news feature has long been dominated by others, television is not only a means of easy and quick rest, in some cases even becomes a real life partner. Watching TV becomes a morbid habit, from which may no longer be free. The problem of dependence on television is even more complex and difficult to control the phenomenon that we all have it very easy to access. TVs are in almost every home, in schools, businesses, even cars. It is also a socially endorsed form of leisure. Therefore, it is difficult to prevent the spread of this "addiction." There are some solutions and strategies that can help in controlling the impact of television on our lives. It is primarily to increase their self-awareness, raise awareness on certain facts and relationships. Many people do not realize, for example, the matter of how much it really spends time each day watching TV and that really gives them so much satisfaction and contentment. It is also conducting a healthier lifestyle, devoting more time to sports, outdoor activities. Each of us individually should the self-imposed some restrictions on TV viewing, choose only those programs that are for us for some valid reason, and use the remaining free time for other activities. In the case of children, such limits must be placed on parents. Our society should also pay more attention to media education, which allows children and adults learn how to wisely use the television and other media. Research shows that the "television revolution" led to the fact that less and less read books or even magazines, this applies to both children and adults. They were replaced by television and the Internet. Children prefer TV cartoons, have their favorite characters, and parents are often not able to devote a few minutes to read some baby books, which certainly more than his imagination rozwijałoby animated cartoons. Marshall McLuhan once commented on this by the sentence: "The television world has become a village, a large part of the program reminds wsiowe rumors."
From the perspective of this important issue here seems to be the question of what motivates people to watch television. Above all our TV meets certain needs, such as the need for entertainment, knowledge, self, identity. Often itself creates those needs, shapes the new desires and dreams. Moreover, it is a valuable source of information about what is happening in the world, provides a best practice. Lee and Lee (1995) distinguished a number of reasons why people watch television. These motives were distinguished on the basis of research carried out by them. It turns out, is that the reason for watching TV most frequently mentioned by respondents was just a habit and habit. The second theme is often administered to spend time watching television was the desire to improve the mood. Other themes in turn: cognitive motivation (desire for gain some information via television, the desire to break away from reality), socialization factors (the opportunity to spend time together watching television with friends and family) and social learning.
Thus, these studies indicate that many TV meets our needs, is also closely linked to the ability to live with others. Once those needs were met probably in a different way, but the TV was evidently the most effective and quickest means to their fulfillment. This led to significant changes in the organization of social life. Note that in the evenings, in the countryside or in small towns are completely deserted, the streets is not at all human, we all spend time at home watching TV, recalls that even the social ritual.
The results of statistical analysis show that the average person spends watching television on average more than four hours each day. According to research conducted by Greth (1990) until the people are watching television 6.5 hours a day, 7 hours, according to Aronson, with children under six years old watch television an average of 2.5 hours per day. Statistically, most of the time teens spend on television and children over the age of eight. These numbers seem all the more disturbing when one compares the number of hours that students spend an average secondary school in the school throughout the year (12 thousand. Hours) the number of hours the students spend the same per year watching television (15 thousand. Hour .) The other interesting study estimated that a child born in the nineties will spend more time watching television compared with only a dream (Fabes, 1989; Nielsen Media Research, 1991).
Even taking as its starting point the most optimistic results (4 hours per day watching television), the analysis clearly shows that a person spends on average 20 years of his life watching TV. It should therefore consider how television affects our mental life, our cognitive abilities, emotions and motivations ..
According to J. Gajda, a leading Polish psychologists involved in the media of mass communication should emphasize the importance of two psychological theories related to the impact of television on our psyche. As for the theory and the theory of determinants of cognitive dissonance. They are based on behawiorystycznym paradigm, which assumes that each stimulus produces a definite response. Thus, words, images and other characters transmitted via television evoke in the recipient specified responses that Gajda called conditional reflexes. If these symbols are associated with some strong emotions such as anxiety, anger, joy, will affect the customer even more. Thus, television signals emitted by the active influence of human activity and thinking.
Is it possible to compare the television set, whose presence has on us as a negative impact, and what do not realize, for the mythological Trojan horse or a Pandora's box ..? Taking into account the fact that it is primarily the mass media to inform us about what is happening in the world, which to some extent even create specific shaping attitudes, values, models of behavior and cultural patterns, it is difficult to foresee all the consequences it might bring back spending hours before the TV screen on the psyche of modern man and his interpersonal relationships, and even the whole society.
The negative impact of television is already reflected in the fact that shows us a picture of reality, which is always a bit distorted and falsified. But it is not in this case of manipulation. This follows simply from the properties of this form of communication and the functioning of our psyche. Everything that is shown on television is not a true representation of reality, subject to many changes, depending on what needs to be emphasized and what is omitted. Journalists and television implementers know best, that the same event can be presented in a thousand different ways, sometimes quite the opposite. It all depends on which aspects of the messages are accented, about which I just do not mention.
It is well known that the risk, in whom I did not realize sometimes the most devastating, because it is not known how to defend against it. A similar mechanism operates in the case of television, whose impact we are not able to end control. Sitting comfortably in front of the TV, usually do not offer the analysis of how the impact on our psyche images and information transmitted via television. Unaware of their hidden influence, man can not defend themselves against visual and auditory stimuli, which affects our television.
Sometimes we see how many people of all ages going through trials and tribulations of characters appearing in a popular series, as if they believed that their fate really occurred. Actors playing a role they acknowledge that they receive hundreds of letters addressed to the characters that they play, in which viewers handle them, how they should behave, how to solve the problem, consoled them, some even include a specific offer of aid. There are accosted on the street, some people treat them as heroes of the film. In psychology this is called the feeling 'emotions substitute'. While watching the film, viewers experience fictitious emotions that perpetuate in their consciousness, are untrue. Thanks to give us a sense of satisfaction and sense of security. This phenomenon is more evident in the case of horror films or thrillers. Watching movies such species often feel a pleasant thrill, a pleasant, because we know that nothing threatens us, we feel safe.
A few years ago in the Polish television was issued reality show "Big Brother" as "a combination of the show, reportage, and audiotele game show," he wrote. A. Szmajke in the "natures." Several volunteers have been closed in a special home with cameras mounted everywhere. They could not connect with anyone outside of each other, of course, were separated from the rest of the world, friends and family. Viewers can watch each day thirty the relationship of the house, view as "heroes" do, then choose to call the special number, which of them should, in their view, to leave home and finish the game. This program won the extremely high popularity, as evidenced by the first of all hidden in all of us wish to preview other people. Such prying and emotional reactions of others allows for easier comparisons to be made public, to find out how other people act in a situation similar to that in which I will find what I feel. Comparisons of the same make watching TV series, but in this case, we are dealing with fiction, invented by someone with a scenario of events.
Experiencing the fictional events of the time, spinning out of control, and we want to do regardless of time and circumstances. Prof. Jurga gives an authentic example of his friend, who died in the hospital, the remaining patients is in the same room then watched another episode of "clan". Despite the pleas of the family sick, could not refrain from watching the film, even at such a moment, that is the death of another person.
An important feature of television, which largely contributes to influencing the recipient, is the fact that TV in your system takes into account the different programs, our usual order of the day, by helping to organize the force and certain activities of all family members. Morning at breakfast watching "Coffee and tea, evening eating dinner," Messages ", then relax after a day with programs" Always after 21 o'clock, "films, such as those from the" Evening with a One ", etc. In many homes Television occupies a central position, is usually placed in the room, which focuses on family life, where we spend the most time.
Scary seem to be results of studies conducted at the University of Nebraska, which asked about 15 thousand. children, which lack the more: the TV, or dad. As many as 50% of children responded that the loss of the TV would be a more visible change. Perhaps this follows from the fact that, as shown by another study, the amount of time spent by the father of the child, who devotes so much attention, of which three hours daily watching television, is 3 minutes. Solution could finally be watching a television ... TV makes, however, that family circle starts to shrink.
Results cited here clearly suggest a negative impact on the television psychic and social life of man. But the most devastating effects of television reflected in how much distorts the reality of preventing a clear definition of opinions and values. This confirms the theory that the brainwashing. Studies of 24.II.2000r OBOP. show that 49% of people do not know whether the events that took place then in Chechnya can be defined as good or bad. The remaining 48% of respondents identified as bad, and 2% for good. These results clearly indicate that television does not help, and indeed makes it difficult for people and valuing of distinguishing right from wrong. By providing some sensational information is often ignored them, pointing to the importance of objective relativism and thereby resulting in viewers a sense of confusion and disorientation.
Linked to this is strictly communicative value of the TV broadcasts. Research shows that among people who know how to read and write, 77%, however, does not understand all the messages given in the TV "Communications". OBOP Research (1993) show that, for example, the word "boom" does not understand about 49% of patients, and the abbreviation "KBWR" - 89%.
The problem of content transmitted in the news programs appears to be important for other reasons. Allow me to hypothesize that even a picture of reality provided in the "Communications" is distorted in that sense, which has already been mentioned. That might be useful to draw attention to the order provided us with information, their manner of presentation and comment by the teacher edition.
Another important issue is the specificity of the various television programs and the resulting consequences for humans. What determines that, among the hundreds of programs to select just those and not others, such as "News", which sees every day millions of Poles.
The operation of each television station and every single issue is organized around the audience. Channels and television programs use certain strategies in order to gain as many viewers and keep them at the receivers as long as possible.
Aronson, Philips et al. stress the importance of the part played by the structure and sequence of messages such as presented in news programs. The deliberate presentation of certain messages as the first in the order may entail significant from a sociological point of view of the consequences. Aronson gives an example of the so-called. imitative suicides that occurred after the demonstration of a single case of suicide in television. In Poland, a similar phenomenon could be observed quite recently, when the broadcast was news of bomb hoaxes made by a person nicknamed 'gumis. "Within a week the police has registered dozens of cases impersonate" Gumisie.
Numerous studies also seek to establish the relationship between content containing violent scenes on television, and public behavior. One theory is that frequent viewing of such scenes will not cause the recipient to such stimuli and to treat them as something normal. The psychology of this process is called desensitization (Green, 1981; Thomas, 1982), and the result decreases our sensitivity to a similar situation, and increase tolerance towards them. Thanks to this scene we see often full of aggression, violence and cruelty without much emotion. Numerous studies conducted in this area (eg Cline et al., 1973; MHThomas et al., 1977) show that watching violence on television undermines our sense of similar situations occurring in reality.
D. Goddard writes in The New York Times (27.II.1977 was) that "Death has become a hygienic. Removed from her pain, improved every detail in order to satisfy low instincts, do not leave feelings of disgust. Masters Web TV should commit not to clutter the living room floors. "
In fact, television is often naturalise evil, violence and cruelty is connected with a fun and pleasant feelings, according to the principles of classical conditioning. This implies, of course, tragic consequences, especially in children and adolescents.
Aronson writes, the average dwunastolatek could see on TV about 100 thousand. scenes of aggression. In a study found that in the course of one hour duration of the program have an average of 9 scenes of physical aggression, and 8 cases of verbal aggression (Williams, Zabracki, Joy, 1982). Effect of viewing scenes containing violence on children is explained by two theories. Katarktyczna theory (Carr) emphasizes the importance of catharsis or purification, which takes place during the viewing of such scenes. Purification is based on the fact that the recipients of the reduction of feelings of aggression occurs as a result of manifestation of behavior or conduct of the replacement. Another frequently cited theory of social learning says that showing violence in the media favors the formation of the customers of antisocial behavior in the way of identification. This is confirmed by many empirical studies (Huston, Watkins and Kunkel 1989; Huston et al., 1989; and Sprafkin Liebert, 1988; Hearold, 1986; Josephson, 1987).
Children who watched more violent television later showed a more aggressive behavior, the behavior manifested anxiety and distrust of others (Singer, Singer and Rapaczynski, 1984). In this study the Josephson (1987) demonstrated the existence of the relationship between watching scenes of violence and aggressive behavior in reality. It is important that children who previously did not show aggressive behavior, they also did not show later, after watching the film contains scenes of violence. Studies have also shown that children need in comparison to adults more time to assimilate aggressive behavior after viewing violent scenes (Leyens et al., 1975, Parke et al., 1977), except that the more violent scenes to perpetuate the child than eg erotic scenes, they may have a negative impact, if sex is the one associated with violence (Aronson).
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darkarea1
You may want to watch television hungry, even suffering from withdrawal symptoms when such a blackout, but the social development of the child shall in no way depends on the number of channels to which you can access.
Television is not evil in itself. If, however, be viewed without restriction and without the selection of programs is necessarily viewed niszczącą.Nawet sometimes seemingly innocent programs and cartoons may contain themes or messages against the values that you want to give to children. Many parents admits that when he finally saw what they are watching their children were horrified. They had no idea how much worthless programs their children watch habitually.
Even if carefully chosen programs that children can watch, you should limit the time to watch TV. Otherwise, the TV becomes a habit, which threatens the life of the family. Slower cognitive development
Research shows that children who watch too much TV, are developing more slowly than their peers. Learn to speak more slowly, have a smaller vocabulary, and then acquire the ability to read, have a worse performance in school.
- Trouble with imagination
The strength of children's fantasy mind is that virtually no limits. The development of imagination is not only fun, but is also of great importance in life. People with a developed imagination, are more creative, faster solution to the problem and find a way out of crisis situations. Watching TV suppresses the imagination, because it suggests ready images.
- A slower development of the senses
The first years of life is the rapid development of all the senses. The child learns the world by touch, taste, and smell it. The more sensitive are its senses, then the better versed in the outside world. This is just an observer, more sensitive to signals from the environment. TV does not emit odors or flavors. Stimulates only the eyes and ears, leaving far behind other senses.
- Less contact with peers
In general, the time children spend with television alone. This is not entertainment group. At the same time, a child could play with the neighbor's child. Although trzylatki are not yet very socialized, are pleased to have in your company.
- Disease crisps
A child who is watching video on television sets in a trance-like state. Suddenly the whole world around them disappears, it's all about what is on screen. Breath of the shallowness and the metabolism slows down. If at that time there may be something we "easy" to eat (chips, crisps, etc.) will be food, without paying attention to whether it is hungry. Thus, already short road to obesity.
"The basic rule of television: a program that you can understand, even partly, with concealed hole eyes or ears - it is bad."
Eugen Kogon
Communication is defined in sociology and social psychology as "the process of transfer from the center, known as the source, the content of a symbolic character, addressed to customers which are able to adopt them" (Kłoskowska, 1983). Communication is therefore two-way process which is to transfer information between people through verbal or nonverbal symbols to induce specific changes in behavior or thinking of the recipient. Communicating mass means that the message is addressed to a large and diverse audience.
Information may be passed directly to the recipient, or an indirect way, eg through letters, telegrams, telephones. Relatively recently in human history appeared capable devices not only provide information but also influence the shape of societies, creating new rules of social life and new values. Speech, of course, mass media or mass media, including television, radio, newspapers and the Internet. They play a special role, particularly in developed countries. Indeed, long ago ceased to be mere tools of information, providing mass communication. They are characterized by the unilateral influence on the views, values, and even creating a new reality and the visual culture and mass, operating not only verbal information but also video, audio, motion.
According to W. Skrzydlewskiego all media involved in communicating information simultaneously transforming their contents, are also involved in the coding, categorization, retrieval and interpretation of such information by the public. This work is devoted to discussing the role of TV today, which is an important part of our social reality and have an enormous impact on daily life.
The beginnings of television dates back to 1936, when the British Broadcasting Company launched the world's first public broadcast TV from Alexandra Palace in London. Who could then foresee how important will play a TV these days ...
Succumbing to the desires, the desire to achieve outstanding purpose is very different results. On one hand, are fueling the desire for action, provide the motivation. Sometimes, however, the impact turns out to be negative. Well it shows the desire to entertain and relax, which can satisfy television. Rest is very necessary to man, but when we spend too much time relaxing and watching TV while lying, problems arise. Usually in such cases, other people and real problems are becoming less important, but TV is an essential element of life, comparable to breathing. People become addicted to the TV screen, neglect their duties and family life. Research conducted in this area has long been trying to determine what impact television can play in shaping and educating the young generation, as well as adults. It is worth noting that watching television in itself does not mean something bad. There are plenty of television programs, whose impact can be described as even benevolent - raise, broaden horizons and help us to understand other cultures, as well as entertain, relax and allow themselves to break even for a moment from the daily routine. However, time spent watching television should be optimal. Meanwhile, scientists are reporting that television unquestionably dominates the free time fulfilling the modern man.
Results of electroencephalographic studies conducted in this area are rather optimistic. EEG indicated that TV viewing levels of brain electrical activity, measured by the number of alpha waves is lower than during reading. Besides watching TV, people are more relaxed, declare the sense of passivity, which does not disappear after switching off the receiver. Mental activity does not increase, but remains at the same low level. Well-being is deteriorating. Thus, these results seem alarming, and evaluate the impact of television is clearly a negative, rather that wasting its time, it is still losing energy resources inside.
Psychological studies suggest that the desire to watch TV does not disappear when it is settled, but is constantly growing. You could say that the appetite for watching grows viewing. Almost automatically relax with the television, but it's pleasant feeling wears off after turning off the receiver. Therefore, we devote more time watching television, the greater becomes the need to eliminate the unpleasant condition, which occurs when finish watching. Its a vicious circle comes full circle.
People quickly learn that television provides an effective relaxation, and therefore begin to equate it with the best way for relaxation and easing stress. This view is recorded by both the positive reinforcing factors (pleasant feelings accompanying watching TV), as well as negative factors (depression and sadness that appear immediately after you finish watching.) According to a similar mechanism acting drugs and causing addiction. Sedative, which is rapidly cleared from the body quickly, it evokes a feeling of dependence compared to measure excreted more slowly, because accepting it faster and more clearly felt his absence in the body.
In the case of television, also observed that, even intuitive, or based on the experience of feeling that after turning off the receiver will feel worse, quickly becoming a significant factor prevented from switching off the TV. The paradox of television lies in the fact that the longer people sit in front of TV, although longer-term view in fact reduces their well-being.
In addition, empirical studies have shown that when people spend too much time watching television, they begin to feel anxiety and remorse, that do not deal with something pożyteczniejszym. Researchers from Japan, Britain and the United States proved that such a feeling of guilt often occurs in middle-class viewers than in the poorer social groups.
The significant impact of television on people is linked to the "orientation reaction", which was discovered and described by Ivan Pavlov in 1927. It is the innate response to physiological and behavioral therapy, which maximizes the sensitivity of sensory receptors on the information coming from the environment and prepares the body for immediate action. An example of such a reaction is indicative of animals adjustable ear to move his head to locate the sound source. Psychologists have observed a similar type of reaction already at ośmiotygodniowych babies who turn heads, to see what shows are next to the TV screen. What this has to do with watching TV ..? Sends TV signals, which man can not ignore, innate responses indicative direct our senses to everything new in the environment.
For many people television is the proverbial "window on the world", a valuable source of information from the world of culture, politics, science, and for some, even essential work tool. However, should benefit from this wonderful invention that created the modern civilization, in a sustainable manner. A sense of relaxation and tranquility offered by the television viewing can increase or diminish according to the time which we devote to them. The longer you watch TV, the more we feel is deteriorating, there is a feeling of passivity, remorse, the general anxiety. People watching television excessively are also more distracted, bored, have difficulty concentrating attention, avoid contact with other people, have little traffic, are also more sensitive and impatient.
The advent of television sets could start today, not only mass communication, but also a true 'telemanii', occurring primarily in highly industrialized countries. 'Rasowi telemaniacy' conduct specific to their lifestyle, which in English is determined by "couch-potato". It is characteristic for him to spend almost the whole day lying in front of TV with a parcel favorite cakes or crisps or peanuts. Excessive television viewing contributes so, although indirectly, to the spread of obesity, which is also the scourge of modern society. Studies show that people usually watch television przegryzają something, even just to feel like in the cinema. TV becomes their only gradually window to the world because these people are isolating themselves from their friends or families, to eliminate the common pastimes. They prefer to stay home and watch TV, it is less tiring for them and less time consuming. Often such persons are not aware of his condition, that isolate themselves socially.
The origins of this "addiction" is as innocent as for other addictions. Almost everyone has some his favorite TV program or series, which regularly tries to watch and do not leave any sections. However, some people can not be limited to viewing only that one or two programs at the end of their emissions do not want them to take something pożyteczniejszym. So are the TV and begin the so-called. "Telepodróż", namely jumping from one television channel to another in search of something interesting (so-called zapping). Sometimes this can spend almost all day without seeing anything specific but jumping through various channels.
It should also be noted that excessive television viewing reduces creativity, creative thinking ability, productivity and generally weakens the incentive to work. This is a serious problem for people who having been conscientious workers, under the influence of many hours spent watching TV can not readjust at work, lose their motivation and desire do not know how to organize classes.
Of course, you should not generalize how television can change our attitude to work, our habits. Its influence is sometimes varied, much depends on individual differences, personality, lifestyle, how to drive, possible support of others. It seems that those most vulnerable to harmful effects television people are lonely and children. Negative consequences which may arise among them television are: deepening social isolation, greater instability (volatility) of emotions, irritability. Although hard to believe, spending entire days watching TV can lead to the emergence of depression and even mental breakdown. This happens when turned on the television with us throughout the day, with all of our classes, and for us is something of a companion of life.
Nowadays, more and more talk about addiction to the television, which has become a serious social problem. This phenomenon is studied in psychology and sociology. In fact, prymarna television news feature has long been dominated by others, television is not only a means of easy and quick rest, in some cases even becomes a real life partner. Watching TV becomes a morbid habit, from which may no longer be free. The problem of dependence on television is even more complex and difficult to control the phenomenon that we all have it very easy to access. TVs are in almost every home, in schools, businesses, even cars. It is also a socially endorsed form of leisure. Therefore, it is difficult to prevent the spread of this "addiction." There are some solutions and strategies that can help in controlling the impact of television on our lives. It is primarily to increase their self-awareness, raise awareness on certain facts and relationships. Many people do not realize, for example, the matter of how much it really spends time each day watching TV and that really gives them so much satisfaction and contentment. It is also conducting a healthier lifestyle, devoting more time to sports, outdoor activities. Each of us individually should the self-imposed some restrictions on TV viewing, choose only those programs that are for us for some valid reason, and use the remaining free time for other activities. In the case of children, such limits must be placed on parents. Our society should also pay more attention to media education, which allows children and adults learn how to wisely use the television and other media. Research shows that the "television revolution" led to the fact that less and less read books or even magazines, this applies to both children and adults. They were replaced by television and the Internet. Children prefer TV cartoons, have their favorite characters, and parents are often not able to devote a few minutes to read some baby books, which certainly more than his imagination rozwijałoby animated cartoons. Marshall McLuhan once commented on this by the sentence: "The television world has become a village, a large part of the program reminds wsiowe rumors."
From the perspective of this important issue here seems to be the question of what motivates people to watch television. Above all our TV meets certain needs, such as the need for entertainment, knowledge, self, identity. Often itself creates those needs, shapes the new desires and dreams. Moreover, it is a valuable source of information about what is happening in the world, provides a best practice. Lee and Lee (1995) distinguished a number of reasons why people watch television. These motives were distinguished on the basis of research carried out by them. It turns out, is that the reason for watching TV most frequently mentioned by respondents was just a habit and habit. The second theme is often administered to spend time watching television was the desire to improve the mood. Other themes in turn: cognitive motivation (desire for gain some information via television, the desire to break away from reality), socialization factors (the opportunity to spend time together watching television with friends and family) and social learning.
Thus, these studies indicate that many TV meets our needs, is also closely linked to the ability to live with others. Once those needs were met probably in a different way, but the TV was evidently the most effective and quickest means to their fulfillment. This led to significant changes in the organization of social life. Note that in the evenings, in the countryside or in small towns are completely deserted, the streets is not at all human, we all spend time at home watching TV, recalls that even the social ritual.
The results of statistical analysis show that the average person spends watching television on average more than four hours each day. According to research conducted by Greth (1990) until the people are watching television 6.5 hours a day, 7 hours, according to Aronson, with children under six years old watch television an average of 2.5 hours per day. Statistically, most of the time teens spend on television and children over the age of eight. These numbers seem all the more disturbing when one compares the number of hours that students spend an average secondary school in the school throughout the year (12 thousand. Hours) the number of hours the students spend the same per year watching television (15 thousand. Hour .) The other interesting study estimated that a child born in the nineties will spend more time watching television compared with only a dream (Fabes, 1989; Nielsen Media Research, 1991).
Even taking as its starting point the most optimistic results (4 hours per day watching television), the analysis clearly shows that a person spends on average 20 years of his life watching TV. It should therefore consider how television affects our mental life, our cognitive abilities, emotions and motivations ..
According to J. Gajda, a leading Polish psychologists involved in the media of mass communication should emphasize the importance of two psychological theories related to the impact of television on our psyche. As for the theory and the theory of determinants of cognitive dissonance. They are based on behawiorystycznym paradigm, which assumes that each stimulus produces a definite response. Thus, words, images and other characters transmitted via television evoke in the recipient specified responses that Gajda called conditional reflexes. If these symbols are associated with some strong emotions such as anxiety, anger, joy, will affect the customer even more. Thus, television signals emitted by the active influence of human activity and thinking.
Is it possible to compare the television set, whose presence has on us as a negative impact, and what do not realize, for the mythological Trojan horse or a Pandora's box ..? Taking into account the fact that it is primarily the mass media to inform us about what is happening in the world, which to some extent even create specific shaping attitudes, values, models of behavior and cultural patterns, it is difficult to foresee all the consequences it might bring back spending hours before the TV screen on the psyche of modern man and his interpersonal relationships, and even the whole society.
The negative impact of television is already reflected in the fact that shows us a picture of reality, which is always a bit distorted and falsified. But it is not in this case of manipulation. This follows simply from the properties of this form of communication and the functioning of our psyche. Everything that is shown on television is not a true representation of reality, subject to many changes, depending on what needs to be emphasized and what is omitted. Journalists and television implementers know best, that the same event can be presented in a thousand different ways, sometimes quite the opposite. It all depends on which aspects of the messages are accented, about which I just do not mention.
It is well known that the risk, in whom I did not realize sometimes the most devastating, because it is not known how to defend against it. A similar mechanism operates in the case of television, whose impact we are not able to end control. Sitting comfortably in front of the TV, usually do not offer the analysis of how the impact on our psyche images and information transmitted via television. Unaware of their hidden influence, man can not defend themselves against visual and auditory stimuli, which affects our television.
Sometimes we see how many people of all ages going through trials and tribulations of characters appearing in a popular series, as if they believed that their fate really occurred. Actors playing a role they acknowledge that they receive hundreds of letters addressed to the characters that they play, in which viewers handle them, how they should behave, how to solve the problem, consoled them, some even include a specific offer of aid. There are accosted on the street, some people treat them as heroes of the film. In psychology this is called the feeling 'emotions substitute'. While watching the film, viewers experience fictitious emotions that perpetuate in their consciousness, are untrue. Thanks to give us a sense of satisfaction and sense of security. This phenomenon is more evident in the case of horror films or thrillers. Watching movies such species often feel a pleasant thrill, a pleasant, because we know that nothing threatens us, we feel safe.
A few years ago in the Polish television was issued reality show "Big Brother" as "a combination of the show, reportage, and audiotele game show," he wrote. A. Szmajke in the "natures." Several volunteers have been closed in a special home with cameras mounted everywhere. They could not connect with anyone outside of each other, of course, were separated from the rest of the world, friends and family. Viewers can watch each day thirty the relationship of the house, view as "heroes" do, then choose to call the special number, which of them should, in their view, to leave home and finish the game. This program won the extremely high popularity, as evidenced by the first of all hidden in all of us wish to preview other people. Such prying and emotional reactions of others allows for easier comparisons to be made public, to find out how other people act in a situation similar to that in which I will find what I feel. Comparisons of the same make watching TV series, but in this case, we are dealing with fiction, invented by someone with a scenario of events.
Experiencing the fictional events of the time, spinning out of control, and we want to do regardless of time and circumstances. Prof. Jurga gives an authentic example of his friend, who died in the hospital, the remaining patients is in the same room then watched another episode of "clan". Despite the pleas of the family sick, could not refrain from watching the film, even at such a moment, that is the death of another person.
An important feature of television, which largely contributes to influencing the recipient, is the fact that TV in your system takes into account the different programs, our usual order of the day, by helping to organize the force and certain activities of all family members. Morning at breakfast watching "Coffee and tea, evening eating dinner," Messages ", then relax after a day with programs" Always after 21 o'clock, "films, such as those from the" Evening with a One ", etc. In many homes Television occupies a central position, is usually placed in the room, which focuses on family life, where we spend the most time.
Scary seem to be results of studies conducted at the University of Nebraska, which asked about 15 thousand. children, which lack the more: the TV, or dad. As many as 50% of children responded that the loss of the TV would be a more visible change. Perhaps this follows from the fact that, as shown by another study, the amount of time spent by the father of the child, who devotes so much attention, of which three hours daily watching television, is 3 minutes. Solution could finally be watching a television ... TV makes, however, that family circle starts to shrink.
Results cited here clearly suggest a negative impact on the television psychic and social life of man. But the most devastating effects of television reflected in how much distorts the reality of preventing a clear definition of opinions and values. This confirms the theory that the brainwashing. Studies of 24.II.2000r OBOP. show that 49% of people do not know whether the events that took place then in Chechnya can be defined as good or bad. The remaining 48% of respondents identified as bad, and 2% for good. These results clearly indicate that television does not help, and indeed makes it difficult for people and valuing of distinguishing right from wrong. By providing some sensational information is often ignored them, pointing to the importance of objective relativism and thereby resulting in viewers a sense of confusion and disorientation.
Linked to this is strictly communicative value of the TV broadcasts. Research shows that among people who know how to read and write, 77%, however, does not understand all the messages given in the TV "Communications". OBOP Research (1993) show that, for example, the word "boom" does not understand about 49% of patients, and the abbreviation "KBWR" - 89%.
The problem of content transmitted in the news programs appears to be important for other reasons. Allow me to hypothesize that even a picture of reality provided in the "Communications" is distorted in that sense, which has already been mentioned. That might be useful to draw attention to the order provided us with information, their manner of presentation and comment by the teacher edition.
Another important issue is the specificity of the various television programs and the resulting consequences for humans. What determines that, among the hundreds of programs to select just those and not others, such as "News", which sees every day millions of Poles.
The operation of each television station and every single issue is organized around the audience. Channels and television programs use certain strategies in order to gain as many viewers and keep them at the receivers as long as possible.
Aronson, Philips et al. stress the importance of the part played by the structure and sequence of messages such as presented in news programs. The deliberate presentation of certain messages as the first in the order may entail significant from a sociological point of view of the consequences. Aronson gives an example of the so-called. imitative suicides that occurred after the demonstration of a single case of suicide in television. In Poland, a similar phenomenon could be observed quite recently, when the broadcast was news of bomb hoaxes made by a person nicknamed 'gumis. "Within a week the police has registered dozens of cases impersonate" Gumisie.
Numerous studies also seek to establish the relationship between content containing violent scenes on television, and public behavior. One theory is that frequent viewing of such scenes will not cause the recipient to such stimuli and to treat them as something normal. The psychology of this process is called desensitization (Green, 1981; Thomas, 1982), and the result decreases our sensitivity to a similar situation, and increase tolerance towards them. Thanks to this scene we see often full of aggression, violence and cruelty without much emotion. Numerous studies conducted in this area (eg Cline et al., 1973; MHThomas et al., 1977) show that watching violence on television undermines our sense of similar situations occurring in reality.
D. Goddard writes in The New York Times (27.II.1977 was) that "Death has become a hygienic. Removed from her pain, improved every detail in order to satisfy low instincts, do not leave feelings of disgust. Masters Web TV should commit not to clutter the living room floors. "
In fact, television is often naturalise evil, violence and cruelty is connected with a fun and pleasant feelings, according to the principles of classical conditioning. This implies, of course, tragic consequences, especially in children and adolescents.
Aronson writes, the average dwunastolatek could see on TV about 100 thousand. scenes of aggression. In a study found that in the course of one hour duration of the program have an average of 9 scenes of physical aggression, and 8 cases of verbal aggression (Williams, Zabracki, Joy, 1982). Effect of viewing scenes containing violence on children is explained by two theories. Katarktyczna theory (Carr) emphasizes the importance of catharsis or purification, which takes place during the viewing of such scenes. Purification is based on the fact that the recipients of the reduction of feelings of aggression occurs as a result of manifestation of behavior or conduct of the replacement. Another frequently cited theory of social learning says that showing violence in the media favors the formation of the customers of antisocial behavior in the way of identification. This is confirmed by many empirical studies (Huston, Watkins and Kunkel 1989; Huston et al., 1989; and Sprafkin Liebert, 1988; Hearold, 1986; Josephson, 1987).
Children who watched more violent television later showed a more aggressive behavior, the behavior manifested anxiety and distrust of others (Singer, Singer and Rapaczynski, 1984). In this study the Josephson (1987) demonstrated the existence of the relationship between watching scenes of violence and aggressive behavior in reality. It is important that children who previously did not show aggressive behavior, they also did not show later, after watching the film contains scenes of violence. Studies have also shown that children need in comparison to adults more time to assimilate aggressive behavior after viewing violent scenes (Leyens et al., 1975, Parke et al., 1977), except that the more violent scenes to perpetuate the child than eg erotic scenes, they may have a negative impact, if sex is the one associated with violence (Aronson).
Television is not evil in itself. If, however, be viewed without restriction and without the selection of programs is necessarily viewed niszczącą.Nawet sometimes seemingly innocent programs and cartoons may contain themes or messages against the values that you want to give to children. Many parents admits that when he finally saw what they are watching their children were horrified. They had no idea how much worthless programs their children watch habitually.
Even if carefully chosen programs that children can watch, you should limit the time to watch TV. Otherwise, the TV becomes a habit, which threatens the life of the family.
Slower cognitive development
Research shows that children who watch too much TV, are developing more slowly than their peers. Learn to speak more slowly, have a smaller vocabulary, and then acquire the ability to read, have a worse performance in school.
- Trouble with imagination
The strength of children's fantasy mind is that virtually no limits. The development of imagination is not only fun, but is also of great importance in life. People with a developed imagination, are more creative, faster solution to the problem and find a way out of crisis situations. Watching TV suppresses the imagination, because it suggests ready images.
- A slower development of the senses
The first years of life is the rapid development of all the senses. The child learns the world by touch, taste, and smell it. The more sensitive are its senses, then the better versed in the outside world. This is just an observer, more sensitive to signals from the environment. TV does not emit odors or flavors. Stimulates only the eyes and ears, leaving far behind other senses.
- Less contact with peers
In general, the time children spend with television alone. This is not entertainment group. At the same time, a child could play with the neighbor's child. Although trzylatki are not yet very socialized, are pleased to have in your company.
- Disease crisps
A child who is watching video on television sets in a trance-like state. Suddenly the whole world around them disappears, it's all about what is on screen. Breath of the shallowness and the metabolism slows down. If at that time there may be something we "easy" to eat (chips, crisps, etc.) will be food, without paying attention to whether it is hungry. Thus, already short road to obesity.