Buat pertanyaan dan jawaban dalam bentuk bhs inggris dengan teks "persian pottery"
Pottery is one of the oldest and most widespread of the
decorative arts, consisting chiefly of functional objects (such
as vessels, plates, and bowls) made of clay and hardened with
heat. Earthenware is the oldest and simplest form; stoneware
is fired at a high temperature to cause it to vitrify and harden;
and porcelain is a fine, generally translucent form of pottery.
Persian pottery (sometimes called Iranian pottery) refers to the
pottery works made by the artists of Persia (Iran). The ceramic
art of Persia is one of the world's greatest and most influential
artistic traditions.
The history goes back to early Neolithic Age (7th
millennium BCE) with the production of coarse, unglazed
wares. In 717 CE, when the Arab empire was one of the
strongest, Persian pottery was developed based on Roman,
Greek, Egyptian, and Central Asiatic ideas. During the 9th
century under the Abbasid government, cobalt blue and
other metallic oxides to produce blues and greens were
used. Colors such as manganese purple, tomato red, olive
green, yellow and brown were applied to the surface and
then covered with a transparent glaze, creating a glossy and
smooth finish. By the 12th century, Persian ceramic styles
were well established and they set the standards for further
innovations and conventions.
Recent excavations and archaeological research
revealed that there were four major pottery-manufacturing
areas in the Iranian plateau. These included the western part
of the country, namely the area west of the Zagros mountains
(Lurestan), and the area south of the Caspian Sea (Gilan
and Mazandaran). These two areas are chronologically as
far as is known today, the earliest. The third region is located
in the northwestern part of the country, in Azarbaijan. The
fourth area is in the southeast, i.e. the Kerman region and
Baluchestan. To these four regions one may also add the
Kavir area, where the history of pottery making can be dated
back to the 8th millennium BCE.
Persian pottery gained its renaissance, after its
downfall due to Mongol conquest, during the Safavid period.
The most important product in Kubachi ware of the Safavid
periodis the polychromepainted. The designs appear in blue,
brownish-red, yellow and green under clear glaze. Portraits of
people are painted against floral or simple scroll backgrounds.
Others depict landscapes or just flowers. Apart from large
dishes, small bowls, dishes and jugs are also known in these
types. The beauty of Persian pottery during renaissance
period gained new impetus, and was partly under the
influence of Ottoman and European, and Chinese traditions.
Iranian pottery also has white (gombroon) wares.
The term "Gombroon" derives from the old name of modern
Bander Abbas, which in Safavid times was an important
port on the Persian Gulf. The "Gombroon" ware has a hard
faience body, which is considerably thinner than that of
contemporary lustre ware. As often described, lustre ware
has a very hard and compact white body and was decorated
in golden, brownish or reddish colour. Gombroon ware is
occasionally even translucent.
Through the centuries, Persian potters have adopted
and refined newly introduced forms and blended them into
their own culture. (This article is adapted from three Internet sources:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pottery, http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Persian_pottery,and http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Art/iranian
_pottery.htm)
Pottery is one of the oldest and most widespread of the
decorative arts, consisting chiefly of functional objects (such
as vessels, plates, and bowls) made of clay and hardened with
heat. Earthenware is the oldest and simplest form; stoneware
is fired at a high temperature to cause it to vitrify and harden;
and porcelain is a fine, generally translucent form of pottery.
Persian pottery (sometimes called Iranian pottery) refers to the
pottery works made by the artists of Persia (Iran). The ceramic
art of Persia is one of the world's greatest and most influential
artistic traditions.
The history goes back to early Neolithic Age (7th
millennium BCE) with the production of coarse, unglazed
wares. In 717 CE, when the Arab empire was one of the
strongest, Persian pottery was developed based on Roman,
Greek, Egyptian, and Central Asiatic ideas. During the 9th
century under the Abbasid government, cobalt blue and
other metallic oxides to produce blues and greens were
used. Colors such as manganese purple, tomato red, olive
green, yellow and brown were applied to the surface and
then covered with a transparent glaze, creating a glossy and
smooth finish. By the 12th century, Persian ceramic styles
were well established and they set the standards for further
innovations and conventions.
Recent excavations and archaeological research
revealed that there were four major pottery-manufacturing
areas in the Iranian plateau. These included the western part
of the country, namely the area west of the Zagros mountains
(Lurestan), and the area south of the Caspian Sea (Gilan
and Mazandaran). These two areas are chronologically as
far as is known today, the earliest. The third region is located
in the northwestern part of the country, in Azarbaijan. The
fourth area is in the southeast, i.e. the Kerman region and
Baluchestan. To these four regions one may also add the
Kavir area, where the history of pottery making can be dated
back to the 8th millennium BCE.
Persian pottery gained its renaissance, after its
downfall due to Mongol conquest, during the Safavid period.
The most important product in Kubachi ware of the Safavid
periodis the polychromepainted. The designs appear in blue,
brownish-red, yellow and green under clear glaze. Portraits of
people are painted against floral or simple scroll backgrounds.
Others depict landscapes or just flowers. Apart from large
dishes, small bowls, dishes and jugs are also known in these
types. The beauty of Persian pottery during renaissance
period gained new impetus, and was partly under the
influence of Ottoman and European, and Chinese traditions.
Iranian pottery also has white (gombroon) wares.
The term "Gombroon" derives from the old name of modern
Bander Abbas, which in Safavid times was an important
port on the Persian Gulf. The "Gombroon" ware has a hard
faience body, which is considerably thinner than that of
contemporary lustre ware. As often described, lustre ware
has a very hard and compact white body and was decorated
in golden, brownish or reddish colour. Gombroon ware is
occasionally even translucent.
Through the centuries, Persian potters have adopted
and refined newly introduced forms and blended them into
their own culture. (This article is adapted from three Internet sources:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pottery, http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Persian_pottery,and http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Art/iranian
_pottery.htm)
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Pottery is one of the oldest and most widespread of the
decorative arts, consisting chiefly of functional objects (such
as vessels, plates, and bowls) made of clay and hardened with
heat