Artikan tolong jangan asal kalo asal asalan biar tuhan yang balas perbuatan kalian, jika artian kalian benar saya doa kan biar sukses Aamiin
3.21. Misplaced and dangling modifiers and use of verbs
An adjective or an verb, whether a single word or a phrase, must clearly refer to the word it modifies.
Misplaced modifiers, because of their placement in a sentence, misplaced modifiers ambiguously or illogically modify a word. You can eliminate misplaced modifiers by placing an adjective or an adverb as close as possible to the word it modifies :
Correct :
Using the procedure, the investigator tested the participants.
Correct :
The investigator tested the participants who were using the procedure.
Incorrect :
The investigator tested the participants using this procedure. ( the sentence is unclear about whether the investigator or the participants used this procedure ).
Correct :
On the basis of this assumption, we developed a model ………………………………
Correct :
Based on this assumptions, the model ……………………………………………...
Incorrect :
Based on this assumptions, we developed a model ……… ( This construction says, “ we are based on an assumption.”)
Many writers have trouble with the word only. Place only next to the word or phrase it modifies.
Correct :
These data provide only a partial answer.
Incorrect :
These data only provide a partial answer.
Dangling modifiers. Dangling modifiers have no referent in the sentence. Many of these result from the use of the passive voice. By writing in the active voice, you can avoid many dangling modifiers
Correct :
Using this procedure, I tested the participants. ( I, not the participants, used the procedure )
Incorrect :
The participants were tested using this procedure.
Correct :
Mulholland and Williams (2000) found that this group performed better, a result that is congruent with those of other studies, ( the result, not Mulholland and Williams, is congruent.)
Incorrect :
Congruent with other studies, Mulholland and Williams (2000) found that this group performed better.
Adverbs. Adverbs can be used as introductory or transitional words. Adverbs modify verb, adjectives, and other adverbs and express manner or quality. Some adverbs, however – such as fortunately, similarly, certainly, consequently, conversely and regrettably – can also be used as introductory or transitional words as long as the sense is confined to, for example, “ it is fortunate that “ or “in a similar manner.” Use adverbs judiciously as introductory or transitional words. Ask yourself whether the introduction or transition is needed and whether the adverbs is being used correctly.
Some of the more common introductory adverbial phrases are importantly, more importantly, interestingly, and firstly. Although importantly is used widely, whether its adverbial usage is proper is debatable. Both importantly and interestingly can often be recast to enhance the message of a sentence or simply be omitted without a loss of meaning.
Correct :
More important, the total amount of available long – term memory activation, and not the rate of spreading activation, drives the rate and probability of retrieval.
Correct :
Expressive behavior and autonomic nervous system activity also have figured importantly…
Incorrect :
More importantly, the total amount of available long – term memory activation, and not the rate of spreading activation, drives rate and probability of retrieval.
Correct :
We were surprised to learn that the total ………………..
We find it interesting that the total …………………
An interesting finding was that ………………
Incorrect :
Interestingly, the total amount of available long – term memory activation, and not the rate of spreading activation, drives the rate and probability of retrieval.
Correct :
First, we hypothesized that the quality of the therapeutic alliance would be rated higher ………..
Incorrect :
Firstly, we hypothesized that the quality of the therapeutic alliance would be rated higher …….
Another adverb often misused as an introductory or transitional word is hopefully. Hopefully means “ in a hopeful manner “ or “ full of hope “; hopefully should not be used to mean “ I hope “ or “ it is hoped “.
Correct :
I hope this is not the case.
Incorrectly :
Hopefully, this is not the case.
3.21. Misplaced and dangling modifiers and use of verbs
An adjective or an verb, whether a single word or a phrase, must clearly refer to the word it modifies.
Misplaced modifiers, because of their placement in a sentence, misplaced modifiers ambiguously or illogically modify a word. You can eliminate misplaced modifiers by placing an adjective or an adverb as close as possible to the word it modifies :
Correct :
Using the procedure, the investigator tested the participants.
Correct :
The investigator tested the participants who were using the procedure.
Incorrect :
The investigator tested the participants using this procedure. ( the sentence is unclear about whether the investigator or the participants used this procedure ).
Correct :
On the basis of this assumption, we developed a model ………………………………
Correct :
Based on this assumptions, the model ……………………………………………...
Incorrect :
Based on this assumptions, we developed a model ……… ( This construction says, “ we are based on an assumption.”)
Many writers have trouble with the word only. Place only next to the word or phrase it modifies.
Correct :
These data provide only a partial answer.
Incorrect :
These data only provide a partial answer.
Dangling modifiers. Dangling modifiers have no referent in the sentence. Many of these result from the use of the passive voice. By writing in the active voice, you can avoid many dangling modifiers
Correct :
Using this procedure, I tested the participants. ( I, not the participants, used the procedure )
Incorrect :
The participants were tested using this procedure.
Correct :
Mulholland and Williams (2000) found that this group performed better, a result that is congruent with those of other studies, ( the result, not Mulholland and Williams, is congruent.)
Incorrect :
Congruent with other studies, Mulholland and Williams (2000) found that this group performed better.
Adverbs. Adverbs can be used as introductory or transitional words. Adverbs modify verb, adjectives, and other adverbs and express manner or quality. Some adverbs, however – such as fortunately, similarly, certainly, consequently, conversely and regrettably – can also be used as introductory or transitional words as long as the sense is confined to, for example, “ it is fortunate that “ or “in a similar manner.” Use adverbs judiciously as introductory or transitional words. Ask yourself whether the introduction or transition is needed and whether the adverbs is being used correctly.
Some of the more common introductory adverbial phrases are importantly, more importantly, interestingly, and firstly. Although importantly is used widely, whether its adverbial usage is proper is debatable. Both importantly and interestingly can often be recast to enhance the message of a sentence or simply be omitted without a loss of meaning.
Correct :
More important, the total amount of available long – term memory activation, and not the rate of spreading activation, drives the rate and probability of retrieval.
Correct :
Expressive behavior and autonomic nervous system activity also have figured importantly…
Incorrect :
More importantly, the total amount of available long – term memory activation, and not the rate of spreading activation, drives rate and probability of retrieval.
Correct :
We were surprised to learn that the total ………………..
We find it interesting that the total …………………
An interesting finding was that ………………
Incorrect :
Interestingly, the total amount of available long – term memory activation, and not the rate of spreading activation, drives the rate and probability of retrieval.
Correct :
First, we hypothesized that the quality of the therapeutic alliance would be rated higher ………..
Incorrect :
Firstly, we hypothesized that the quality of the therapeutic alliance would be rated higher …….
Another adverb often misused as an introductory or transitional word is hopefully. Hopefully means “ in a hopeful manner “ or “ full of hope “; hopefully should not be used to mean “ I hope “ or “ it is hoped “.
Correct :
I hope this is not the case.
Incorrectly :
Hopefully, this is not the case.
Kata sifat atau kata kerja, apakah satu kata atau frase, harus jelas merujuk pada kata memodifikasi.
pengubah salah, karena penempatan mereka dalam sebuah kalimat, pengubah salah ambigu atau tidak logis memodifikasi kata. Anda dapat menghilangkan salah pengubah dengan menempatkan kata sifat atau kata keterangan sedekat mungkin dengan kata memodifikasi:
Benar :
Menggunakan prosedur, penyidik menguji peserta.
Benar :
penyidik menguji peserta yang menggunakan prosedur.
salah:
penyidik menguji peserta menggunakan prosedur ini. (Kalimat tidak jelas tentang apakah penyidik atau peserta digunakan prosedur ini).
Benar :
Atas dasar asumsi ini, kami mengembangkan model ....................................
Benar :
Berdasarkan asumsi ini, model ................................................... ...
salah:
Berdasarkan asumsi ini, kami mengembangkan model ......... (konstruksi ini mengatakan, "kami didasarkan pada asumsi.")
Banyak penulis mengalami kesulitan dengan kata saja. Menempatkan hanya sebelah kata atau frase memodifikasi.
Benar :
Data ini hanya memberikan jawaban parsial.
salah:
Data ini hanya memberikan jawaban parsial.
pengubah menjuntai. Menggantung pengubah tidak memiliki rujukan dalam kalimat. Banyak dari hasil tersebut dari penggunaan kalimat pasif. Dengan menulis di suara aktif, Anda dapat menghindari banyak pengubah menggantung
Benar :
Menggunakan prosedur ini, saya diuji peserta. (Aku, bukan peserta, digunakan prosedur)
salah:
Para peserta diuji dengan menggunakan prosedur ini.
Benar :
Mulholland dan Williams (2000) menemukan bahwa kelompok ini dilakukan lebih baik, hasil yang sama dan sebangun dengan orang-orang dari penelitian lain, (hasilnya, tidak Mulholland dan Williams, adalah kongruen.)
salah:
Kongruen dengan penelitian lain, Mulholland dan Williams (2000) menemukan bahwa kelompok ini dilakukan lebih baik.
Keterangan. Keterangan dapat digunakan sebagai kata pengantar atau transisi. Keterangan memodifikasi kata kerja, kata sifat, dan kata keterangan lain dan cara mengekspresikan atau kualitas. Beberapa keterangan, namun - seperti untungnya, sama, tentu, akibatnya, sebaliknya dan sayangnya - juga dapat digunakan sebagai kata pengantar atau transisi selama arti terbatas pada, misalnya, "itu adalah beruntung bahwa" atau "dalam cara yang sama. "Gunakan kata keterangan bijaksana sebagai kata pengantar atau transisi. Tanyakan pada diri sendiri apakah pengenalan atau transisi diperlukan dan apakah keterangan sedang digunakan dengan benar.
Beberapa frase adverbial lebih umum pengantar yang penting, yang lebih penting, menarik, dan pertama. Meskipun penting digunakan secara luas, apakah penggunaan adverbial adalah tepat adalah diperdebatkan. Kedua penting dan menarik sering dapat menyusun kembali untuk meningkatkan pesan kalimat atau hanya dihilangkan tanpa kehilangan makna.
Benar :
Lebih penting, jumlah total yang tersedia panjang - aktivasi memori jangka, dan bukan tingkat penyebaran aktivasi, mendorong laju dan kemungkinan pengambilan.
Benar :
perilaku ekspresif dan aktivitas sistem saraf otonom juga telah menemukan penting ...
salah:
Lebih penting lagi, jumlah total yang tersedia panjang - aktivasi memori jangka, dan bukan tingkat penyebaran aktivasi, mendorong laju dan kemungkinan pengambilan.
Benar :
Kami terkejut mengetahui bahwa total .................. ..
Kami menemukan hal menarik bahwa total .....................
Sebuah temuan yang menarik adalah bahwa ..................
salah:
Menariknya, jumlah total yang tersedia panjang - aktivasi memori jangka, dan bukan tingkat penyebaran aktivasi, mendorong laju dan kemungkinan pengambilan.
Benar :
Pertama, kita hipotesis bahwa kualitas aliansi terapeutik akan dinilai lebih tinggi ......... ..
salah:
Pertama, kita hipotesis bahwa kualitas aliansi terapeutik akan dinilai lebih tinggi .......
keterangan lain yang sering disalahgunakan sebagai kata pengantar atau transisi adalah mudah-mudahan. Mudah-mudahan berarti "dengan cara yang penuh harapan" atau "penuh harapan"; mudah-mudahan tidak boleh digunakan untuk berarti "Saya berharap" atau "diharapkan".
Benar :
Saya harap ini tidak terjadi.
salah:
Mudah-mudahan, ini tidak terjadi.(kalau salah mohon maafnya)