Read the text entitled The Incredible Incas. Unfortunately, the paragraphs have been mixed up. Read all the paragraphs carefully and put them in the correct order. THE INCREDIBLE INCAS A. Their empire stretched along the western South American coast and the interior of today’s Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and central Chile. The Inca population was divided into 12 age-groups, and each was assigned specific duties. All crops were divided among religion, state and community. Large supplies of food were kept for emergencies such as earthquakes or floods. Nobody lacked food, shelter or clothing, but people didn’t have much freedom either. Death was the punishment for those who did not fulfil their duties. The telling of lies or unfaithfulness were also punished by death. There were other severe and cruel punishments as well. B. It’s not known how the Incas built these and other massive structures of stone. They didn’t know the wheel. They didn’t have iron tools and they didn’t use animals. With only primitive tools, like stone hammers, they managed to break massive stone blocks. Somehow, they transported them for miles. Then, they fitted these stone blocks together to form walls. C. Hidden deep in the Peruvian Andes lies Machu Picchu, a magnificent old city built by the Incas. It’s a natural fortress which is situated about 2,300 metres above sea level. This enormous city had remained empty and forgotten for almost five centuries. It was discovered in 1911 by the American explorer, Hiram Bingham. The Incas also built a gigantic pyramid in the Moche Valley on the northern coast of Peru. This pyramid was 340 metres long, 175 metres wide and 35 metres high. Today, it’s only a ruin. D. Though the Inca Empire was very well-organised and armed, it was defeated in 1532 by 170 Spanish adventurers led by Francisco Pizarro. When they arrived in South America, the Incas were divided into various groups and some even joined the invaders. The Spaniards captured and killed the Inca emperor, Atahualpa. After his death, the entire empire fell apart. It was a great tragedy for the Inca nation and, to this day, Peru hasn’t yet recovered from a great cultural loss. E. The Incas weren’t only skilled architects. They also produced the best woollen clothing and made beautiful jewellery. It seems almost incredible, but they achieved their great culture without a currency or writing. Trade was only conducted through exchanging goods. There were also professional rememberers, called camayocs, whose obligation was to remember all the important information.
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Read some excerpts from President George W. Bush's speech about the state of the nation, delivered on January 31st, 2006 and decide whether the statements below are true or false. "Abroad, our nation is committed to a historic, long-term goal: we seek the end of tyranny in our world. Some dismiss that goal as misguided idealism. In reality, the future security of America depends on it. On September 11th, 2001, we found that problems originating 7,000 miles away could bring murder and destruction to our country. Dictatorships shelter terrorists, and feed resentment and radicalism, and seek weapons of mass destruction. Democracies replace resentment with hope, respect the rights of their citizens and their neighbours, and join the fight against terror. Every step towards freedom in the world makes our country safer so we’ll act boldly in freedom's cause. No one can deny the success of freedom, but some men fight against it, and one of the main sources of reaction and opposition is radical Islam. Terrorists like bin Laden are serious about mass murder, and all of us must take their declared intentions seriously. In a time of testing, we cannot find security by retreating within our borders. If we were to leave these attackers alone, they would not leave us alone. They would simply move the battlefield to our own shores. There’s no peace in retreat, and there’s no honour in retreat. By allowing radical Islam to work its will, we would signal to all that we no longer believe in our own ideals, but our enemies and our friends can be certain: The United States will not retreat from the world, and we’ll never surrender to evil. We remain on the offensive in Afghanistan, where a fine President and a National Assembly are fighting terror while building the institutions of a new democracy. We're on the offensive in Iraq, with a clear plan for victory. Our work in Iraq is difficult because our enemy is brutal, but that brutality hasn’t stopped the dramatic progress of a new democracy. In less than three years, the nation has gone from dictatorship to liberation, to a constitution, to national elections. The road of victory is the road that will take our troops home, but those decisions will be made by our military commanders, not by politicians in Washington, D.C." 1. The USA hopes to end tyranny in the world. Answer 2. Problems in very distant countries can affect the USA as well. Answer 3. Dictatorships aren’t good places for terrorists. Answer 4. There is no need to take terrorists like bin Laden too seriously. Answer 5. It would not be honourable but safer for the US to retreat within its borders. Answer 6. Radical Islam brings evil and mass destruction. Answer 7. The US troops can already leave Afghanistan. Answer 8. In Iraq, the brutality of terrorists has stopped the progress of democracy. Answer 9. In Iraq, it is still too early for national elections. Answer 10. The decisions on whether to bring soldiers home or not are made by politicians in Washington, D.C
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Uzupełnianie luk: Some chillies are fierce enough to make your eyes water. Anyone foolhardy enough to eat a whole Dorset Naga Chilli Pepper would almost certainly need hospital treatment. They have a refreshing smell and a very good taste, but they are so hot that you have to wear gloves and remove the seeds outdoors when preparing them for cooking. However, there is one woman in the world, Anandita Dutta Tamuli, who last week set/sets/had set a Guinness-book record for eating Naga chillies. No one else holds/held/had held a record in eating Naga chilli peppers. Anandita said that, a few years earlier, Amita Walfort of South Africa tried/had tried/was trying with jalapeno peppers, but she could eat only eight per minute. When Anandita chewed/ was chewing/ had chewed the world's fiercest peppers, people sweated/were sweating/had sweated as they watched her. It took/takes/had taken her only two minutes to eat sixty of the world's hottest chilli peppers. Later, she smiled/was similing/had smiled before the crowd. She put/puts/ had put some on her eyelids too - an act that leaves anybody's skin burning for hours. Over the years, medical specialists have excluded any abnormality in her stomach and eyes. Her system is used to dealing with such a torture. Anandita has been keen on Naga chillies since the age of five when someone told/was telling/had told her to rub some on her tongue to fight an infection. It didn't cure the illness but the taste stayed. “I sent my entry to the Guinness-book authorities a few years ago. In 2003, they contacted me for the first time to show my skills, but there was nobody to sponsor my trip. I hope I am able to/was able/will be able to show my unique talent round the world soon”, she adds.
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