Question

La historia de la cámara fotográfica en inglés

Answer 1

A camera or camera is a device used to capture images or photographs. It is an old mechanism to project images, in which an entire room performed the same operations as a current camera inside, with the difference that at that time there was no possibility to save the image unless it was manually drawn. Current cameras combine with sensitive elements (films or sensors) to the visible spectrum or to other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and their main use is to capture the image that is in the visual field.

The cameras consist of a closed dark camera, with an aperture at one end for light to enter, and a flat imaging or display surface to capture the light at the other end. Most cameras have a lens lens, located in front of the aperture of the camera to control the incoming light and to focus the image, or part of the image. The diameter of this aperture (known as aperture) is usually modified with a diaphragm, although some targets have fixed aperture.

While the aperture and brightness of the scene control the amount of light entering per unit time, in the camera during the photographic process, the shutter controls the time the light strikes the recording surface. For example, in low light situations, the shutter speed will be slower (longer open time) to allow the film to receive the amount of light needed to ensure correct exposure.



The first photographer was Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in the year 1826, using a camera made of wood manufactured by Charles and Jacques Vicent Louis Chevalier in Paris. However, although it is considered "officially" that this was the birth of photography, the invention of the camera obscura is earlier. But it was not until the invention of photography that the images were permanently fixed; While the images had to be drawn manually.

The original darkroom was a room whose only source of light was a very small hole in one of the walls. The light that penetrated through the hole projected an image of the exterior on the opposite wall; The image was inverted and blurred. Leonardo Da Vinci defined a camera obscura. He said that if a sheet of white paper is placed vertically in a dark room, the observer will see projected objects on the outside, with their shapes and colors. "It will look like they're painted on paper," he wrote. The light was then discovered to cause blackening. British scientists Thomas Wedgwood and Sir Humphry Davy began their experiments to obtain photographic images. These photos were not permanent because after exposing them to light, the entire surface of the paper became black.
Zeiss Ikon Box Tengor Camera, circa 1951.

The first camera that was small enough to be portable was designed by Johann Zahn in 1685. The first cameras were essentially similar to Zahn's model, though generally with an improvement in focus. Before each exposure a sensitized plate was inserted. Louis Daguerre's popular daguerreotype, issued in 1839, used silver-plated copper plates sensitized with iodine vapors; While in the calotype procedure invented by William Fox Talbot negative images were formed on the paper support.

The invention of the wet collodion wet plate process invented by Frederick Scott Archer in 1850 greatly reduced the exposure time, but always required the photographer to craft the plates in the darkroom of photographic studios or in portable laboratories Campaign, in outdoor travel photography.

In the 19th century, many types of cameras were designed. For example, cameras capable of obtaining stereoscopic photographs; Whose stereoscopic pairs finally had to look with an appropriate viewer, to be able to visualize its three-dimensional or relief effect. A typical stereoscopic camera had two objectives, to simultaneously obtain two very similar images, but not the same, from two very close points of view. It was actually inspired by human binocular vision.

Other different cameras were some cameras of study of the time in which the portraits were popularized in format of business card (between the years 1860 and 1880). These cameras could have four or more lenses, to obtain several portraits on the same glass negative. In that way the positivado (by contact) was faster, because in a single sheet of paper the portraits were obtained; Which only had to be cut and mounted on different individual cards.