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p + q = a+2
pq = 4a
misal,
K = p^2 +q^2 + 3pq
K = (p+q)^2 + pq
K = (a+2)^2 + 4a
K = a^2 + 4a + 4 + 4a
K = a^2 + 8a + 4
K = (a - (-4))^2 - 12
jelas, bentuk standar di atas menyatakan nilai minimum = -12