October 2018 1 62 Report

1. Energia elektronu na pierwszej orbicie atomu wodoru E1= -2.2*10-18J (-13,6eV). oblicz energię pochłanianą przez atom wodoru przy przeskoku elektronu z orbity drugej na czwartą.

Energie wyraź w dżulach lub elektrowoltach

2. najmniejsza energia potrzebna do zjonizowania atomu wodoru w stanie podstawowym jest równa ok. 2,2* 10-18J. atom wodoru w stanie podstawowym oświetlono jednobarwnym światlem żółtym o częstotliwości v=5*10^15Hz. Wykonaj odpowiednie obliczenia i odpowiedz na pytanie: czy atom został zjoizowany?


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Proszę o przetłumaczenie. Tylko nie z tłumacza. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type.[1][2] It is characterized by problems paying attention, excessive activity, or difficulty controlling behavior which is not appropriate for a person's age.[3] These symptoms begin by age five to twelve, are present until adulthood, sometimes longer. They cause problems in at least two settings (such as school, home, or recreational activities).[4][5] In children, problems paying attention may result in poor school performance.[3] Although it causes impairment, particularly in modern society, many children with ADHD have a good attention span for tasks they find interesting.[6] Despite being the most commonly studied and diagnosed mental disorder in children and adolescents, the cause is unknown in the majority of cases.[7] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that it affected about 39 million people as of 2013.[8] It affects about 5–7% of children when diagnosed via the DSM-IV criteria[9][10] and 1–2% when diagnosed via the ICD-10 criteria.[11] Rates are similar between countries and depend mostly on how it is diagnosed.[12] ADHD is diagnosed approximately three times more often in boys than in girls.[13][14] About 30–50% of people diagnosed in childhood continue to have symptoms into adulthood and between 2–5% of adults have the condition.[15][16][17] The condition can be difficult to tell apart from other disorders, as well as to distinguish from high levels of activity that are still within the normal-range.[5] ADHD management recommendations vary by country and usually involve some combination of counseling, lifestyle changes, and medications.[3] The British guideline only recommends medications as a first-line treatment in children who have severe symptoms and for medication to be considered in those with moderate symptoms who either refuse or fail to improve with counseling, though for adults medications are a first-line treatment.[18] Canadian and American guidelines recommend that medications and behavioral therapy be used together as a first-line therapy, except in preschool-aged children.[19][20] Stimulant medication therapy is not recommended as a first-line therapy in preschool-aged children in either guideline.[18][20] Treatment with stimulants is effective for up to 14 months; however, its long term effectiveness is unclear.[18][21][22][23] Adolescents and adults tend to develop coping skills which make up for some or all of their impairments.[24] The medical literature has described symptoms similar to ADHD since the 19th century.[25] ADHD, its diagnosis, and its treatment have been considered controversial since the 1970s.[26] The controversies have involved clinicians, teachers, policymakers, parents, and the media. Topics include ADHD's causes and the use of stimulant medications in its treatment.[27] Most healthcare providers accept ADHD as a genuine disorder in children and adults, and the debate in the scientific community mainly centers on how it is diagnosed and treated.[28][29][30] The condition was officially known as attention deficit disorder (ADD) from 1980 to 1987 while before this it was known as hyperkinetic reaction of childhood.[31][32] Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior. Parents usually notice signs in the first two years of their child's life.[1] These signs often develop gradually, though some children with autism reach their developmental milestones at a normal pace and then regress.[2] The diagnostic criteria require that symptoms become apparent in early childhood, typically before age three.[3] While autism is highly heritable, researchers suspect both environmental and genetic factors as causes.[4] In rare cases, autism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects.[5] Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes;[6] for example, the vaccine hypotheses, which have since been disproven. Autism affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood.[7] In the DSM V it is one of three recognized disorders in the autism spectrum (ASDs), the other two being Asperger syndrome, which lacks delays in cognitive development and language, and pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (commonly abbreviated as PDD-NOS), which is diagnosed when the full set of criteria for autism or Asperger syndrome are not met.[8] Early speech or behavioral interventions can help children with autism gain self-care, social, and communication skills.[1] Although there is no known cure,[1] there have been reported cases of children who recovered.[9] Not many children with autism live independently after reaching adulthood, though some become successful.[10] An autistic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be accepted as a difference and not treated as a disorder.[11] Globally, autism is estimated to affect 21.7 million people as of 2013.[12] As of 2010, the number of people affected is estimated at about 1–2 per 1,000 worldwide. It occurs four to five times more often in boys than girls. About 1.5% of children in the United States (one in 68) are diagnosed with ASD as of 2014, a 30% increase from one in 88 in 2012.[13][14][15] The rate of autism among adults aged 18 years and over in the United Kingdom is 1.1%.[16] The number of people diagnosed has been increasing dramatically since the 1980s, partly due to changes in diagnostic practice and government-subsidized financial incentives for named diagnoses;[15] the question of whether actual rates have increased is unresolved.[17] Resocialization is defined as the process by which one’s sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered. This process is often deliberate, through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution. An important thing to note about socialization is that what can be learned, can be unlearned. This is the basis of resocialization, to unlearn and relearn Resocialization can also be defined as a process wherein an individual, defined as inadequate according to the norms of a dominant institution, is subjected to a dynamic and or rejuvenating those values, attitudes and abilities which would allow him to function according to the norms of said dominant institutions.This definition is more relatable to a jail sentence. An individual expresses deviance to which society delivers the offender to a total institution where they can be rehabilitated. Resocialization varies in its severity. A less drastic resocialization would be moving to a different country. One who does this may need to learn new social customs and norms such as; language, eating habits, dress, and talking habits. A more drastic example of resocialization is joining the military, and the most severe example would be if one suffers from a loss of all memories and therefore would have to relearn society’s norms over again. The first stage of resocialization is the destruction of an individual’s former beliefs and confidence.
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